Who is associated with the view that ideas and beliefs can shape the economy?

• A. Marx
• B. Weber
• C. Durkheim
• D. Mead

Answer: (B)

Ideas and beliefs can steer economic life when cultural values shape how people work, save, and invest. Max Weber argued that religious and cultural ideas can create a “spirit” that drives capitalist practices. His classic example is the Protestant Ethic, which linked disciplined work, frugality, and a rational approach to time with the development of capitalism. Weber’s perspective shows the economy isn’t driven only by material conditions but also by the meanings people attach to work and profit, which can steer economic development. This sets him apart from others who emphasize different factors: Marx focuses on material conditions and class struggle; Durkheim on social cohesion and institutions; Mead on how individuals create meaning through interaction.