Which sociologist is associated with a third perspective on social change, emphasizing evolution and adaptation?

• A. Herbert Spencer
• B. Karl Marx
• C. Auguste Comte
• D. Emile Durkheim

Answer: (A)

Understanding social change as an evolutionary, adaptive process helps explain why Herbert Spencer is the best fit. Spencer treated society like an organism that evolves from simple to more complex forms, with change driven by differentiation, integration, and the need to adapt to changing conditions. This emphasis on gradual progress through adaptation distinguishes his view from the others: Marx centers change in class conflict and economic forces; Comte outlines a developmental sequence toward positivist science; Durkheim focuses on social cohesion and the functioning of institutions. So, when the question highlights evolution and adaptation as the engine of change, Spencer’s perspective is the most appropriate match.